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Define Roleplaying Games
RPP-101: Defining Roleplaying Games
POSTED BY MADBREW ON JANUARY - 15 - 2009
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Polyhedral Dice (c) Dave Ward
In the previous article of the Roleplaying Philosophy series, we defined what a game was and was not. This time we will identify and define the elements that constitute a roleplaying game [RPG].
The execution of this process should result in a suitable definition for what roleplaying games are [1].
Elements of RPGs
They are Games
A roleplaying game is, as the name states, a type of game. This means that a roleplaying game must meet the requirements of the definition of game. As such, a roleplaying game is a dynamic form of play, structured by rules, where players participate to overcome opposition in order to achieve a goal.
However, some theories suggest games must have a victory condition and that RPGs do not meet the criteria for games because of their lack of a victory condition (Salen & Zimmerman, 2003; Kinsman, 2006). But, I have already defined game with more relaxed criteria.
I also disagree with the criteria that roleplaying games cannot have victory conditions. I think “defeating the big bad evil guy and averting certain doom” qualifies as a victory condition and is a mainstay of roleplaying adventure/campaign tropes. Perhaps a better delineation would be that roleplaying games can have an infinite number of goals while other games have a finite number of goals. I think that another difference is that non-roleplaying games have clearly defined losing conditions.
There is the faction that claims RPGs are not games because games are by their nature competitive (Kinsman, 2006) while roleplaying games are cooperative. I contend that roleplaying games are still competitive even if you are not competing directly against living players. You compete against non-player characters, monsters, traps, and the environment within the virtual world of the game. It is also possible to compete, or struggle against other players in roleplaying games. The exercises of political intrigue and social backstabbing that are prevalent with White Wolf’s Vampire games have shown us that.
Some theorists propose that roleplaying games, or roleplaying can never be contained within the boundaries of definition because the genre is too fluid and tends to break any current definition when designers push the envelope on creativity (Walton, 2006). I think it may be a little pretentious to think that a concept can escape a definitive description. Humanity has been defining the universe since prehistory, and I think given our current knowledge, defining what a roleplaying game is should be within our grasp.
Needless to say, much of the controversy surrounding the question of whether roleplaying games exist within the set of games is because of what the proponents of alternate theories believe the definition of a game is. I have provided a fitting definition for game in the previous article; under which, roleplaying games can clearly exist.
Players Assume Roles of Sentience
The crux of the matter when trying to delineate roleplaying games from other forms of games is to define what a role is. Is choosing the yellow token in Clue and naming it Colonel Mustard a role? I am of the opinion that it is not, at least within the limitations implied by the rules of Clue.
I propose that a key feature of a role, within the context of an RPG, is the ability for that role to develop. This means that within a roleplaying game there are resources (i.e. stats, equipment, finances, etc.) connected to the role that are dynamic and change over time. A role must also be sentient, something with the capability to make decisions.
Some theories (McLimore, 1997) state that roleplaying games must be described in narrative and are not acted out physically. I dispute this definition because acting should actually allow a player to better assume the role, which is the essence of a roleplaying game. I believe the one of the main motivations behind roleplaying is to explore an alternative reality through the assumption of roles. This can be done through narrative or by physical action.
Human Moderated Improvisation
McLimore also proposes that all roleplaying game must have a referee, otherwise known as the gamemaster [GM], to mediate conflicts. I would argue that human moderation is required for a roleplaying game, yet the title of referee could be shared among the players. A game that distributes the role of GM among the players could resolve conflicts by group consensus. The implication of the need for human moderation means that a roleplaying game must have more than one player.
Within a roleplaying game a character, controlled by a player, has the freedom to take any action that the character could take if the given situation were real (Rilstone, 1994). The player chooses which actions he will take based upon characterization. In other words, the actions are taken because it is what the character would do and the successes of these actions are determined by the limitations of the character as determined by the rules and the virtual environment.
This is perhaps why many theories determine that there is a need for a dedicated referee, or GM. Human moderation is indeed required, because there are not any conventional rules that accounts for every action that could be taken or make allowance for all the modifiers to said action. Even if there are “catch all” mechanics designed to resolve any unknowns, human moderation is needed to verify if the action is even plausible.
Live Action vs. Table Top
I see Live Action Roleplaying [LARP] games as a subset of roleplaying games.
In LARP games, the player physically acts out what his character does, much like an actor in a play, except in LARP it is unscripted. Actions that are beyond the abilities of living humans or actions that could be potentially harmful (such as casting spells, discharging firearms, or swordplay) are often narrated instead of being fully acted out. LARPs still possess all the characteristics of roleplaying games.
Table Top roleplaying games are verbally narrated roleplaying games.
While facial expressions and hand gestures are common, most if not all of the action takes place in the players’ imaginations. RPGs of this category are also referred to as Pen & Paper roleplaying games to distinguish them from video game RPGs, though neither pen and paper or table tops are actually required for play.
About Wargames
Roleplaying games were born from pushing the envelope of the wargaming hobby. As such, wargames share many characteristics of roleplaying games and much of the terminology has carried over. We still use the words campaign and combat round in many systems today.
While wargamers take on the roles of generals and commanders during play, wargames are not roleplaying games because they do not contain free improvisation and they have a finite amount of goals (capture objective, eliminate all enemy units, neutralize enemy command, etc.). Even so, it does not take much to turn a wargame into a roleplaying game.
About Computer Roleplaying Games
Computer roleplaying games [CRPGs], also known as video game RPGs, of the single player variety do not allow for the freedom of improvisation or the true assumption of roles.
Therefore, CRPGs are not actually roleplaying games, but games that attempt to simulate the experience. CRPGs use the same settings and mechanics as true roleplaying games but lack the true interaction necessary in the games they simulate.
This being said, once a network of additional living players are added to a CRPG, there is potential for true roleplaying. This evident in the text-based multi-user dungeons (MUDs) that still exist today, but were very popular in the mid to late 90s.
Massive multiplayer online [MMO] games, the descendents of MUDs, also have the potential for true roleplaying as well, and the interactivity (along with the presentation) of these games is one reason why they are so dominant today.
Mad Brew’s Definition of Roleplaying Games
After critically analyzing the elements that comprise a roleplaying game, I am confident to put forth a strong definition of what a roleplaying game is. Just like with my definition of game, I do not claim that my definition is perfect, and a rational discourse could convince me to change it.
A roleplaying game is a dynamic form of play, structured by rules with human moderation, where players assume and develop virtual roles of sentience and overcome opposition by freely improvising character actions in order to achieve a possibly infinite number of goals.
A less wordy definition that assumes one already knows the Mad Brew definition of Games is: An RPG is a game where players assume and develop virtual roles that freely improvise within the confines of character and human moderation.
The next chapter in the Roleplaying Philosophy series will give a brief history of roleplaying games including an overview of the first RPG and how roleplaying has evolved until its current state.
Roleplaying Philosophy Series:
RPP-099: Gamer Elitism
RPP-100: Defining Game
Bibliography
Kinsman, B. (2006). System and Theory. Retrieved January 12, 2009, from
http://unclebear.com/?p=1765
McLimore, G. (1997). What is a Role Playing Game?. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from
http://www.rpg.net/oracle/essays/whatisrpg.html
Rilstone, A. (1994). Role-Playing Games: An Overview. Retrieved January 13, 2009, from
http://www.rpg.net/oracle/essays/rpgoverview.html
Salen, K., & Zimmerman, E. (2003). Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
Walton, J. (Ed.). (2006). Push: New Thinking about Roleplaying, Volume 1. Retrieved January 10, 2009,
from http://plays-well.com/
[1] Image retrieved from Dave Ward’s Flickr page.
Listening to: Spinnerette – Ghetto Love – Ghetto Love
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http://www.madbrewlabs.com/rpp-101-defi … ing-games/
When I fly with Hawk, my Spirit soars
How do you view the ethics in these games, including the virtual ones and cyber ones.
Is calling them 'games' of any kind, when they cross into the real world ethical?
What do you see as the dangers in always escaping to an alternate reality to ease your stresses....instead of working thru your problems in real life?
Sure, they can be fun, as long as the real life human moderates himself so that he stays in the real world and the real world and the make-believe world don't begin to seem one and the same.
What do you think??
When I fly with Hawk, my Spirit soars
Having played a MMORPG for a number of years, I can see the down side and my response will mostly be about the computerized gaming world. People get addicted to it instead of their life. I have played with teens and adults who pretty much gave up on their lives in favor of logging in to the game. Having no life is a running joke, but the sad punchline is that it's true in a lot of cases! And the games, to some extent because they are so involved, cultivate this despite their 'helpful tips' to remember to go see your friends outside. It would be nice if they catered better to casual players. If they get their monthly fees or whatever, why build it around a huge time investment to get the best stuff?? I don't see that as very ethical.
There are youtube videos and mad stories (real and exaggerated or made up) about kids going into these huge fits of rage when their parents finally catch a clue and then axe the account. I knew a young guy once whom I felt really was addicted and did throw a fit when his computer was taken away and that was before he had access to an account on the game I met him through. Refused to go school (didn't finish), refused to find a job, or to even go outside much. In the case of a child, the parents bear some responsibility here, clearly. But when grown adults get arrested because their house is completely filthy and their toddler children are crawling through it, malnourished with animal feces in their hair, there's no one to blame but them. That's disgusting and shameful. People get so involved with other people through games, they stalk them and in at least one case I know of, murdered the object of their 'affection'. These are all examples of games gone terribly wrong.
I think it becomes a problem simply when you find yourself still sitting there hours later without meeting the regular demands of your day. But I also think you can do that with a computer with no games involved. I think once proven to be incapable of enjoying it in moderation, one should be responsible about it and cut it out. When I see my son starting to get WoW-cracked out, I remove him until he loses that gleam in his eye and I throw him outside. I think it can be manageable and it can be a fun way to blow off some steam or to make casual friends, or play with some you know. I feel like if I don't teach my sons and daughters how to treat and handle games, they could make really bad decisions with it later. Gaming isn't going anywhere. If I flat deny them, I'm kind of paving the path for them to get all obsessive when they're on their own. I'd rather take the opportunity to educate them. There're a lot of them in my house. And they don't have to be roleplaying games to be addictive.
I'll admit I made mistakes before being of this opinion, but that's how we learn. Since, I have played games with them because it's neat to be able to do that and see each other look funny and give each other novel items to play with and chase each other around. Then we logged out and chased each other around for real.
The definition of gaming is evolving and not always for the best. Parents need to go beyond setting limits they don't enforce because the child is occupied/quiet. They need to illustrate why it's important to set standards for themselves and to minimize the ineffective push/pull of game time. Then their kids don't become the adults who abuse their children because they are so invested in Hello Kitty Island Adventure (haha). As for the adults who are already abusing the games they play.. perhaps more recognition for the problem of addiction is in order. Mostly people who don't understand it just call it pathetic. I won't argue with that, but the addictive culture we live in should be addressed in a way that goes beyond substance abuse and help offered for the many ways we latch unhealthily onto things. Addictive personality isn't attached to nearly enough things and it's not clearly understood or valued for what it is. IMO
Neat reply Scyn.
Well I think the problems with RPG games (I only had experience with computer games RPG and MMORPG) is that they stimulate a cool new world of might,magick and eternal life(if I may say).
The person will be really involved in the process of leveling the character he's moving, to beat the "monster".He should strategically choose what weapons to equip,what magick spells to cast and all that.
IMO this is what make these games addictive, the person will be drowned in this fictional world and lose sight with real life.
The fictional world resembles ours, he can move about anywhere,interact with all these people.He will get to choose the gender (I'm talking about MMORPs here which are the more addictive in the genre) , the attire, power ....
In other words, the gamer would see himself as the powerful hero and the popular one when in the real world he always get bullied - just an example.
Why get back to the real world when the other one don't really judge him?
Well because people there are not real, they are just polygons controlled by other people who aren't even real, it's a roleplaying game for god sakes. So a person can assume the role of a villain/hero/tramp wtvr in these games and interact with you.
I'm not saying that these games are bad. It's nice to lose sense of time and have fun roleplaying at times. But the danger is when a gamer breaks contact with life, neglects school,work,family,SELF (C'mon, "Demonslayer" isn't the real you! and that axe?..).
As long as one plays moderately everything's fine IMO.
"Modern morality and manners suppress all natural
instincts, keep people ignorant of the facts of nature and make them
fighting drunk on bogey tales" - Aleister Crowley
I am a gamer...in pretty much any sense of the word (well except in confusing game with reality hehe). I enjoy playing a wide variety of games from traditional card games (like poker, trumps, solitaire, rummy) to tradable card games (like Magic the gathering or on line trade-able card games like Legends of Norrath), from pen and paper roleplaying games (the kind with dice, like dungeons and dragons) to videogame/computer fantasy adventure games (like the Elder scrolls) to MMORPG's (I play everquest and have played others in the past).
Gaming has so many bad stereotypes...and I'm not denying that there are people out there who live up to those. I am sure many of us have heard the stories of people who have committed suicide after their character 'in game' died. HOWEVER, I disagree with the assumption that every person who plays a game is a horrible low-life looser who can't tell game from reality and obsesses about every aspect of the game.
I think part of the big problem with online games is shared with online interaction of any kind: people are motivated more strongly by a sense of "will I get in trouble for this" as opposed to "is this the right thing to do". I have met horrible people online in games...and horrible people online in forums. BOTH share a similar behavior. They mouth off, are deliberately insulting and generally go out of their way to make everyone else's life miserable, because they CAN. The worst that happens is they get banned, and often they can just make a new account and come right back (or hop to another game/forum and start all over).
There is definitely an addictive pull to games. There always has been. Old school video games (especially ones on gaming system's like the nintendo) were very time consuming. Many lacked a 'save' feature, so if you were 2 hours into a game and you stopped playing, you might have to redo all of that if you wanted to continue onward. Most games today have a save feature....except for MMORPG style games. Instead the MMORPG games 'save' when you log out...so there is no 'reloading' if something doesn't go well. Some of them have very time intensive things that you can do (like raiding...working together with a larger group of people towards a 'epic' style goal...which can take several hours to complete and must be done in one sitting). Also, developing content for online games is very time consuming, and so many online games have a variety of 'time sinks'....activities intended to occupy the player for many hours by having them repeat similar actions to gain a reward (raising crafting skills by making a hundred swords or killing the same creatures over and over hoping to get the 'rare' named one that might drop the item you want). These types of actions keep players busy in the game, and thus continuing to pay the fees to play..nothing kills a game faster than players reaching the 'end' and having nothing left to do.
Having said all of that, I think that games (be they online or otherwise) are not less dangerous or harmful than other pastimes. I don't see a difference between the person who logs into a game for 3 hours a night every night and the person who sits down for those same three hours every night to watch tv. It is true that some hobbies (especially sports) are healthier in the sense that they are more physically active and thus better for your body than most types of games (which typically involve sitting before a computer or tv and game system)...but gaming isn't any worse for your body than sitting at the comp watching youtube while chatting with your friends on facebook.
If you enjoy playing games, one of the really great things about online gaming is that you can play with people who don't live anywhere near you. I play with friends I have known in real life but no longer live near. I play with friends I have had for over five years now and have never met in real life. I play with people from Germany, Australia, England and all over the world. With VOIP (programs that allow you to speak to other users via a headset and mic attached to your computer), you aren't even stuck to typing, you can hear the voices of the people you play with.
Is calling them 'games' of any kind, when they cross into the real world ethical?
I think all games cross into the real world in one way or another, given the fact that players are involved in them. If I go play a game of basketball at the neighborhood park, I (as a person) am having real world interaction with the other players, both inside and outside of the context of the game itself.
What do you see as the dangers in always escaping to an alternate reality to ease your stresses....instead of working thru your problems in real life?
The dangers (to me) are very similar as the dangers for other forms of escapism. Many people have tools that they use to escape the stresses of real life....some (in my opinion) are more hazardous to your health and those around you: alcohol and smoking. Even more mundane escapes, like reading, can be taken to excess, where someone might feel more 'at home' lost in the story than they do in their daily life. Good and proper stress relief should be taken hand in hand with working through your problems...but I don't see anything wrong with unwinding with your hobby of choice as well.
Sure, they can be fun, as long as the real life human moderates himself so that he stays in the real world and the real world and the make-believe world don't begin to seem one and the same.
I would say this is one of the biggest things that everyone should keep in mind when discussing gaming of any kind. The minute that the lines between game and reality start to blur, the minute you find yourself not just 'getting into character' but really feeling like you ARE your character, then you need to seek professional help.
Also, I definitely agree that if you start neglecting your real life responsibilities for any game or hobby, you need to seriously resort your priorities. If you are playing in your spare time....I don't see it as a problem.
Light only makes the darkness deeper.
I have been a gamer / comp nerd for many many years.. I have seen many aspects of the comp world and how it effects various groups from the young to the old in good and bad ways..
yes a game can take over a person's life i do not deny that. however i am one to look at why.
here are various reasons not only did i use but ones that i have heard from others..
1- game 10 bucks a month, go out no less than 25-30 every time you want to socialize
2- cost of babysitters to go out when hubby and i can play together on computers at home and escape
3- my real life sucks, i have no friends, my family is all in another state, i get made fun of and i can't find a way to change this due to money, lack of education, job, responsibilities etc
4- health issues make it near impossible for me to go out and do things this is my socialization
5- it allows me to get out my fantasies, aggressions, whatever in a safe manner
many of these are valid reasons depending on the person and their situation. I think what needs to be looked at is is the person addicted to the game itself or using the game for their socialization instead of the real world. Facts are MANY MANY areas/people do not have house parties like they used to which provide entertainment and socialization. the cost of throwing these can be formidable even for a simple grill out. also with how people move around it is not easy to make new friends in a new area. especially when the person has kids, work, and the like to try and make friends around..
I personally am more able to accept some behaviors of addiction out of a parent rather than a teen/young adult however realize that teens/young adults have realized they can hide their faults behind a keyboard and be popular instead of the kid in a corner everyone laughs at
Games themselves are not ethical or unethical either way. They're just games. It's the actions of the players that make it one or the other. I personally think too that it is a matter of perception. Society is addicted to the sensationalist garbage that is put out by mainstream media, which is nothing more than a viscious old lady spreading rumors about others to gain attention (in essence). Let's face it, there are a great number of very good things going on in the world every day, but when was the last time the good outweighed the bad in the media? Everyone wants to hear about the 'gamer' who was so addicted that they were online for so long that they lost their job, their house and everything else. Funnily enough, no-one wants to hear about the young executive who is successful at work, has a nice house but just happens to spend every free moment he or she can on WoW. They are both addicted, but the second scenario makes a horrible story, even if there are more of the second type than the first. People get flooded with how apparently 'bad for you' gaming is and that gets to be the popular opinion due to a complete lack of any other information. That does not mean that it's true or accurate though.
I always laugh when people who are not gamers say gamers have no life. It's true there is a minority that sit at a computer playing online things to the exclusion of all else - but I know far more RPGers who play LARP or tabletop who have an even better social life than the non-gamers I know. They do their thing during the week; uni, work, whatever, then on weekends they are out with their friends, doing something harmless that they all enjoy. What's the difference between that and someone who plays skirmish every weekend? Nothing - except gamers get less bruises and it costs less.
And of course it's addictive. Anything you do that you feel passionate about is addictive. Anything that can take you away from the stressful, mundane world is addictive and for some that even includes knitting. It's the person doing it that has to find their own balance and if they do not, it is not the fault of the activity they are doing. The responsibility lies purely with the person to decide when enough is enough. It's a pity society as a whole has forgotten that little factor, hmm?
I am very torn on this subject. I am not a gamer, per say, in today's world of what is considered "role playing games". I've played the Tiger Woods golf game & even tried Second Life & my instant reaction was: "wow! Why bother having a real life?". That's where it ended.
On ther other hand, we all, throughout our physical lives play roles in the grand scheme. In childhood, we play role playing games as in playing house, doctor, barbie's, then into our adulthood as we are the mother, father, mentor, teacher, healer, caregiver, etc. Playing any role, whether in real life, card games, computer games, & on-line games, are wonderful tools to expand our knowledge & open doors to other realities. IMO, that is what should be focused on. There is nothing wrong with the imaginary life, as long as the physical being comes first. Too much time spent in an imaginary world (although it does exist in the individuals own reality) only slows our progression in spiritual ways.
Each & everyone of us are here in this physical realm for the purpose of expanding & evolvolution of the conscious entity that we are. If one chooses to focus on non-physical imagery, then progression for our ultimate purpose of physical being suffers.
IMO, we all create our own reality, which in turn, has an effect not only on ourselves, but the entire "whole". For instance, if one chooses to use poor health as an excuse to spend time in an imaginary world, then there is no "time" to heal one's self & interact & affect other's realities. Every conscious being has the ability to reach beyond disabilities and shine in thier own way.
Games are good and fun. But, everything in moderation is my favorite saying. Make the most of the reason of "why" you are here in the present. 
Willau, I applaud you, that is an awesome post and everyone needs to read it OFTEN.
Willau wrote:
There is nothing wrong with the imaginary life, as long as the physical being comes first. Too much time spent in an imaginary world (although it does exist in the individuals own reality) only slows our progression in spiritual ways.
This is a very important part of it. Not knowing when to set the imaginary aside, and make the physical world come first.
Do you spend time visiting with friends, whether it be a night out for dinner, picnic at the park..or a cookout around the pool.
Do you do things with your children....play hoops, have an impromptu ball game with the neighbor kids in the back yard, bake cookies with a child, visit the zoo, go boating on the lake, teaching them how to garden.......etc.........
In the physical life....you're the boss....with a few surprises along the way. In the imaginary world...as in really playing Robin Hood with your buddies, or playing dress-up with your girlfriends, these are some of our 'formative' games that we learn lessons from that will be with us as adults. I keep going back to what children would do since it is often what we did as children, or saw our parents do, that set the patterns for us that 'stick', usually beginning pre-pubertal, or pubertal.
So....just take a moment and think about it....you might be surprised what you 'remember'.
With the RPGs out there, and there are many to choose from, the Creator of the game is the boss....he..or they...are the ones that determine when 'you' (your character) do what... when... in a variety of ways which determine how 'you' finish the game. With all the games, you can quit playing whenever you want...or start the game over if it doesn't turn out like you want it to. Real Life isn't like that......there is no OFF switch, and no one else is responsible for real life except you.
Willau wrote:
Each & everyone of us are here in this physical realm for the purpose of expanding & evolvolution of the conscious entity that we are. If one chooses to focus on non-physical imagery, then progression for our ultimate purpose of physical being suffers.
This is so true. Don't lose this opportunity to expand yourself. Live for every moment and your spiritual growth will continue to build a very strong foundation.
Willau wrote:
IMO, we all create our own reality, which in turn, has an effect not only on ourselves, but the entire "whole". For instance, if one chooses to use poor health as an excuse to spend time in an imaginary world, then there is no "time" to heal one's self & interact & affect other's realities. Every conscious being has the ability to reach beyond disabilities and shine in thier own way.
If you want to 'make a difference' in the lives of others, volunteer at a rehab center, or nursing home. Everyone there was your age once, and in their minds still are. The disabilities they suffer from weren't asked for. Think about how you want to be treated. If you were injured and lost the ability to walk, grew older and needed help to get around doesn't mean your mind is not active and young. There are some who use disabilities to get what they want, but most have dependent personalities to start with.....the true 'disability' just helps them learn how to get what they want without making any physical attempt.
On the spiritual side of it...it is an amazing feeling to see the expression on faces, when someone touches base with their inner self.......you can see the Life appear. We all really need to keep our spiritual side turned on all the time, not just when we think we have time. It should be automatic just like breathing.
Oh dear.....I have written another book...lol
This thread is really excellent, with wonderful posts by everyone.
Again....Willau this is an awesome post, and is sooooo inspiring. 
When I fly with Hawk, my Spirit soars
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